Taxonomy of Nonhuman Primates Used in Biomedical Enquiry

David Glenn Smith , in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research (Second Edition), Book 1, 2012

Baboons

Baboons are among the largest of the Erstwhile Earth monkeys. Excepting humans and the great apes, the baboons are exceeded in size merely by the mandrill and the drill, which were once, just no longer, included within the genus Papio. The big size of baboons suits them for use in certain experiments requiring surgical procedures (Nyachieo et al., 2007). They showroom fewer aggressive behaviors than rhesus and, unlike rhesus, are only moderately susceptible to tuberculosis.

They have sharply sloping, dog-similar muzzles, relatively short tails, showroom marked sexual dimorphisms, and alive in highly socially structured groups. The baboon taxa are differentiated past color and size. P. papio is the smallest of the baboons while P. ursinus is the largest. P. ursinus take dark dark-brown-gray hair. P. papio, P. cynocephalus, and P. anubis get their common names (red, yellow, and olive baboons) from their reddish-brown, yellowish-chocolate-brown, and olive colored pelage, respectively.

The earliest taxonomies of genus Papio were based on morphology and behavior and were not consistent with those based on subsequent genetic studies. The unusual behavior (e.g. harem social structure) of P. hamdryas led it to be taxonomically distinguished from the other taxa, only molecular studies have led to revisions of this view and to the consideration of the 5 major varieties as dissimilar species (Groves, 2005; Zinner et al., 2009). This underscores that phylogenetic relationships should be reconstructed from the greatest possible variety of biological testify.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123813657000030

The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context

Groves Colin , in The Laboratory Primate, 2005

Papio

Baboons have long been favoured enquiry subjects. Studies on reproductive biology, in ane species of birdie ( Birrell et al., 1996), take been facilitated by housing them in their natural social groups, minimizing undue stress and thus enabling evidently normal processes of pregnancy, including hormonal levels, to be continuously monitored, as briefly described by Horam et al. (1992). Baboons are widely used for these and other research areas in the laboratory. The potential drawback is their large size, requiring large cages, preferably with outdoor runs, if they are to exist kept nether humane conditions. They are strikingly intelligent compared to Platyrrhines, and even to Vervets, and, for total behavioural enrichment, they require social interaction and intellectual stimulation. This includes having their food scattered, so that they have to forage for it, rather than merely collecting it from a tray. There are five species of baboon:

Papio hamadryas, the Hamadryas, Mantled or Sacred Baboon. This comes from barren environments around the Red Sea in northeast Africa and Arabia. The male is grayness with a huge mane and white cheek whiskers, red face up and rump skin. The female is browner and maneless with a black face up.

Papio papio, the Guinea Birdie, is from far western Africa. It is reddish, with a large mane in the male.

Papio anubis, the Anubis or Olive Baboon, is from Republic of mali east to Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and Republic of kenya. Information technology is much larger than Hamadryas and Republic of guinea Baboons and is olive brown, with a mane in developed male.

Papio cynocephalus, the Yellow Birdie, is from Tanzania south to the Zambezi. Information technology is yellowish with white underparts and white cheeks and no mane.

Papio ursinus, the Chacma Baboon, comes from southern Africa (s of the Zambezi). It is as large as the Anubis or larger and is blackness in the far southward, becoming fawn to the north with no mane.

The Anubis, Yellowish and Chacma Baboons ("savannah baboons") live in multimale, multifemale troops with dominance hierarchies. The Hamadryas lives in harems, the surplus males associating in bachelor groups, and a number of harems and bachelor groups come together to form large bands. The bones behavioural divergence is that hamadryas males herd females, and this has striking consequences for the social arrangement as well equally the temperament of both sexes. Guinea Baboons are poorly studied only may be more like hamadryas.

This may not exhaust the biological differences between birdie taxa. Information technology has been reported that the Cape of Skilful Hope baboons, which are P.ursinus, mate in a mount serial, with ejaculation apparently occurring only at the end of the series. In dissimilarity, those in Nairobi National Park (P.anubis), typically ejaculate after a single mount (Hall and DeVore, 1965) but these xl-yr-old observations need to be confirmed and extended.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120802616500015

HERPESVIRUSES – Baboon AND CHIMPANZEE (HERPESVIRIDAE)

S.S. Kalter , R.Fifty. Heberling , in Encyclopedia of Virology (Second Edition), 1999

Epidemiology

Herpesvirus papio was first isolated from a group of hamadryas baboons, previously inoculated with human leukemic blood, in the colony of the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy, Sukhumi. Since 1967, more than 300 cases of lymphoma have been recognized in the master baboon colony. A divide birdie colony in a forest reserve some distance from the main colony has not shown any testify of lymphoid affliction, but the animals do contain herpesvirus papio VCA antibody. A C-type virus (simian T-prison cell leukemia virus, STLV-ane?) along with a high incidence of STLV-1 antibody has too been observed in the Sukhumi baboons with lymphomas. It is non articulate what the relationship betwixt the presence of herpesvirus papio and C-blazon retroviruses (STLV-1) and leukemia is in these animals.

Serological surveys of the main baboon colony have shown an historic period-related increase in the prevalence of antibodies to herpesvirus papio and STLV-1. Herpesvirus papio is released into the environment past style of nasopharyngeal mucosa and lacrimal gland secretions, which appears to be the principal road of horizontal transmission. The exact mechanism of STLV-i transmission in the baboon is not articulate, simply evidently parallels that of infection with other retroviruses, i.e. a result of training, fighting, biting, sexual activeness. The leukemic claret used to inoculate the baboons may also be the source of this virus. STLV-1, which is closely related antigenically to human HTLV-i, is non to be confused with the vertically transmitted endogenous blazon C retroviruses present in primates.

The commencement isolation of herpesvirus pan was a serendipitous finding. Herpesvirus pan was isolated by cultivating chimpanzee leukocytes obtained from uninoculated chimpanzees every bit well as from chimpanzees previously inoculated with human being derived prison cell lines containing herpes-type particles. Other isolates were obtained from oral secretions of immunosuppressed chimpanzees. Although no definitive information exist relative to the mechanism of viral transfer, it is highly probable that herpesvirus pan is spread via oral secretions or sexual intercourse.

EBV antibody is often observed in nonhuman primate sera, reflecting main infection or crossreactions of the indigenous EBV-like viruses nowadays in different seropositive species. CMV infection probably parallels that of EBV.

SA8/HVP-two infection needs additional study, although recent data advise that the baboon infections were due to HVP-2. Nigh HVP-2 lesions in the baboons were crabs, implying that the epidemiology is sexual. The few chimpanzee canker simplex infections are evidently of human origin.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122270304001242

Mutual Viral Infections of Laboratory Primates

Lerche Nicholas West. , in The Laboratory Primate, 2005

Simian Agent viii

Herpesvirus papio type 2 (HVP-2) in baboons (Papio spp.) and Simian Agent 8 (SA8) in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) share genetic relatedness and similar biological science with B virus, including the establishment of latency in sensory ganglia. Both viruses appear to be highly endemic in their respective host populations and nearly infections are clinically silent (Eberle et al., 1997; Plesker and Coulibaly, 2002). An outbreak of vesicular illness in a baboon colony, affecting the oral and genital mucosa and originally attributed to SA8, was afterward determined to be due to HVP-2 (Levin et al., 1986; Levin et al., 1988; Eberle et al., 1995). Primary SA8 infection in a group of African green monkeys was associated with transient vesicular stomatitis in immature animals (Plesker and Coulibaly, 2002). To appointment, neither HVP-2 nor SA8 has been recognized as a human pathogen.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120802616500052

Erstwhile World Monkeys

John Thou. Fleagle , in Primate Adaptation and Evolution (Third Edition), 2013

Baboons

Baboons ( Papio ) (Table 6.3, Fig. vi.vii, half-dozen.8) are among the largest and perhaps the best known of all cercopithecines. They were important figures in the mythology of ancient Egypt and were well known to Greek and Roman scholars. Every bit savannah-domicile primates they take played an of import office as models for various aspects of early human evolution, including biogeography. Baboons are very large monkeys and are all sexually dimorphic in body size; in many species, females are only half the size of males. Baboons have a long snout (Fig. vi.iv), a long mandible, and pronounced brow ridges. Baboons are characterized by long molars and broad incisors. Their canines are very sexually dimorphic, and the long anterior lower premolars form a sharpening blade for the dagger-like canines. Their limbs are most equal in length, and their forearm is much longer than their humerus (Fig. 6.viii); they have relatively short digits on their hands and feet. Compared to other cercopithecines, baboons have relatively short tails and big ischial callosities. Females have very pronounced sexual swellings during estrus.

Table 6.3. Subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, Baboons & Geladas

Common name Species Intermembral index Mass (grand)
Chiliad F
Olive baboon Papio anubis 97 23750 13050
Xanthous baboon P. cynocephalus 96 24800 11800
Hamadryas baboons P. hamadryas 95 19133 ten.933
Kinda baboon P. kindae - 16032 9850
Guinea baboons P. papio - 26000 14000
Chacma birdie P. ursinus 96 26967 15380
Gelada Theropithecus gelada 100 26100 14000

FIGURE six.seven. A group of savannah baboons (Papio anubis) in eastern Africa.

FIGURE six.8. The skeleton of a birdie (Papio).

Baboons are found throughout the forests and savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa and the heel of the Arabian Peninsula. There are between seven and 10 distinct populations of baboons, commonly – only not comfortably – placed in 6 species: Papio papio, P. anubis, P. cynocephalus, P. ursinus, P. kinda, and P. hamadryas (Frost et al., 2003). These six are all allopatric, with variable amounts of interbreeding at their boundaries, and there are several boosted populations that are every bit distinct as the commonly recognized species. Because of the hybridization between populations, some authors recognize a single species, P. hamadryas, for the entire radiation. Indeed, the more that is known almost baboon demography and genetics (e.g. Zinner et al., 2009), the more obvious it becomes that identifying distinct species in a broad geographic radiation of allopatric populations involves very capricious boundaries (Jolly, 1993).

The ecology and behavior of savannah baboons (P. papio, P. anubis, P. cynocephalus, and P. ursinus) has been the subject of many studies over the past half dozen decades. These baboons live in woodland savannahs, grasslands, acacia scrubs, and other open up areas, but too in gallery forests and some rainforest environments. They provender and travel primarily on the footing by quadrupedal walking and running, but they most always climb copse or rocky cliffs for sleeping and often for resting. They are extremely eclectic feeders that subsist mainly on ripe fruits, roots, and tubers, as well as on grass seeds, gums, and leaves.

Most baboons are opportunistic faunivores and have been reported to catch and consume numerous pocket-sized mammals (hares, young gazelles, vervet monkeys) as well as many invertebrates. They also eat bird eggs.

The savannah baboons normally live in large, socially circuitous multi-male troops ranging from 40 to 80 individuals, although some mountain populations of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) are found in one-male groups. As in most Old World monkeys, baboon females by and large remain in their natal troop and males usually immigrate to other troops. These female-bonded kin groups are mostly considered to class the basic structure of a birdie troop. There is usually a pronounced dominance hierarchy among males and intense competition amongst the adult males for access to estrous females. This competition involves a whole repertoire of social maneuvers – not just uncomplicated physical prowess, but also coalitions and infant intendance. Females frequently mate with several males during the course of their cycle. Birdie troops occupy big (4000 ha) home ranges and travel long distances (over 5 km) every solar day, normally as a single group.

Social organisation and foraging patterns in hamadryas baboons (P. hamadryas) are quite different from those found among virtually other savannah species. These handsome silver baboons from the arid scrublands of Ethiopia live in groups of a single adult male with ane to four females plus their offspring. Males baby-sit the females in their harem jealously, and actually herd them by chasing whatsoever straying females and biting them on the neck to keep the group together. They live in multilevel societies (Fig. 3.10). Several one-male groups, probably led by related males, regularly acquaintance to form clans. The individual harems provender separately during the 24-hour interval only congregate at night on rocky cliffs in troops of up to 150 animals.

The gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is a very distinctive birdie relative from the highlands of Ethiopia (Fig. 6.9). Theropithecus gelada is the only surviving species of a more successful and widespread radiations during the Pliocene and Pleistocene (see Chapter 16). Like baboons, geladas are extremely sexually dimorphic in both size and appearance. Males accept long, shaggy manes and pronounced facial whiskers, whereas the female person pelage is shorter. Both sexes have striking red hourglass patches of skin on their chests, and in females these are outlined with white vesicles. The distinctive molar teeth of Theropithecus are characterized by complex enamel foldings. Male canines are very large, even by papionin standards. The snout and mandible are relatively short and deep. The hands of geladas are characterized by a relatively long thumb compared to the other digits, an accommodation for foraging for grass blades and seeds.

FIGURE 6.9. Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) from the highlands of Ethiopia.

Geladas live in the largely treeless Ethiopian highlands, where they forage on the ground all day and slumber on rocky cliffs at dark. They are the most terrestrial nonhuman primates and always motility past quadrupedal walking and running. They are exclusively herbivorous, eating grass, seeds, and roots throughout the year, though they occasionally eat fruit (see Iwamoto et al., 1996). Geladas feed by sitting upright, and plucking grass blades and seeds by manus.

Geladas live in circuitous, multi-level societies. The principal level of organisation in gelada society is the one-male unit of measurement comprising a reproductive leader male, 1–12 adult females, their dependent offspring, and possibly i or more follower males. These units bring together to form bands, which in plough form communities, or herds. Herds can contain several hundred individuals, but are mostly unstable, curt-term associations. Females stay together in matrilines, and unattached males converge into all-male groups. Day ranges are relatively small for papionins (Snyder-Mackler et al., 2012).

Read full chapter

URL:

https://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/pii/B9780123786326000069

Reproduction and Breeding of Nonhuman Primates

Suzette Tardif , ... Karen Rice , in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research (2d Edition), Book i, 2012

Baboons

Baboons breed continuously throughout the year, which is a major advantage when research protocols depend on a regular, consistent supply of pregnancies or newborn infants. The prominent perineal skin of the female baboon enables reliable and inexpensive daily visual assessment of ovarian function status and of pregnancy, which is valuable for reproductive research and breeding colony management.

Female baboons in captivity generally reach puberty between three and iv years of age (as determined past observation of the menstrual cycle). Females accept a regular menstrual cycle that is physically visible past the size and advent of skin in the perineal expanse, ordinarily called the "sex skin" in nonhuman primates. The sex pare swells and shrinks according to reproductive hormone levels. In an unpublished study of 32 juvenile females, cycles were read starting at 3 years of age, using the scoring system of Hendrickx and Kraemer (1969). The boilerplate age of cycle start was 3.six years (1000.S. Rice, unpublished observations).

The average menstrual cycle length in baboons is 33 days, with follicular and luteal phases, just as in humans. The correlation between sexual practice peel turgescence and ovulation has been well documented (see the section "Detection of ovarian bicycle phase" below) then that determining the onset of the menstrual cycle in puberty, producing timed pregnancies in grouping-caged baboons, and identifying cycle irregularities in the perimenopausal period are both feasible and economic.

Endometriosis develops spontaneously in baboons, as in humans. Although endometriosis is undesirable in a breeding colony because it affects fecundity, the beingness of this condition in baboons demonstrates their physiological similarity to humans and is thus a useful model for testing agents meant to inhibit endometrial growths (Hendrickx, 1967; Hendrickx and Kraemer, 1969; Pauerstein et al., 1978; Stevens, 1997; Chen et al., 1998).

Cycle reading has been used to produce timed pregnancies in baboons for years at the facility with the earth's largest captive baboon convenance program, the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. Reading the baboon bike three times per week (usually Mon, Wednesday, and Fri) produced accurate predictions of conception within two days. Detection of pregnancy is best confirmed indirectly by lack of sexual practice pare swelling. Therefore, information technology is possible to predict a pregnancy equally early every bit 15 days (if the cycle length is known and regular). The pregnancy can be confirmed with ultrasound, which requires sedation merely does non crave manual palpation of the uterus, which might predispose to pregnancy loss. Ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy is as well appealing since the result is instantly visible whereas chemical confirmation from a blood or urine sample farther delays the answer.

The baboon gestation period is about half dozen months (Sunderland et al., 2008) and well-nigh baboons evangelize at effectually 185 days' gestation. Pregnancy loss is most likely in the first ninety days. Viable offspring that practise non demand supportive care accept been born as early on as 155 days' gestation. Pregnancies may extend 2 weeks past the due date with no agin events. Breech presentations are occasionally observed just successful deliveries have been accomplished with manual turning of fetus.

Baboons have a single discoid placenta like to that of humans. This anatomical similarity to humans is important when measuring maternal-babe placental transfer. Shearer et al. (1995) have demonstrated that baboons, like humans and unlike macaques, take four IgG subclasses (IgG 1, two, 3, and four). Maternal amnesty is transferred to the fetus through IgG subclasses and then this trait is important in an brute model used to test the efficacy of homo vaccine regimens designed to enhance placental transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus (Ha et al., 2000a,b).

Most birdie babies are born at nighttime (Sunderland et al., 2008), regardless of whether they are group or singly housed. In most cases, the placenta is consumed immediately later commitment. Baboons more often than not go along to lactate as long as the baby nurses. Success with surrogate mothers has been limited (K.South. Rice, personal observation).

Baboons continue to cycle regularly for at least xv years and normally well into their mid twenties. Documentation of a female baboon reaching menopause (6 months acyclic with no vaginal bleeding) before the tardily twenties or early thirties is rare (Chen et al., 1998; Honore and Tardif, 2009).

Male baboons reach puberty, as determined by testicular enlargement, between five and 6 years of historic period (Beehner et al., 2009). Generally, males are not selected as breeders until they are at least 6 or preferably 8 years old because to exist adept breeders, males must exhibit authority to maintain social harmony.

Baboon breeding arrangements have been described by Else et al. (1986) and Ha et al. (2000a,b). Baboons breed best in harems, though they may besides be maintained in very large multi-male, multi-female person groups with sufficient infinite. Optimal productivity has been found with breeding groups of a single male person and 10–15 females (K.South. Rice, personal ascertainment). Stable breeding groups with piffling movement in or out maintain social stability and help minimize the risk of miscarriage. A single male breeder also tends to maintain social harmony among his group members such that the all-time success is achieved by introducing females in small groups instead of one by one. Expert integration is experienced by introducing a small group of new females to the male and allowing them to socialize for several hours, then returning the main group of female breeders to the group cage. Although establishing social rank may necessitate some physical altercations, the male is more apt to promote integration considering of the bonds established by introducing new females in this manner.

Baboons are predictable in their beliefs, generally calm, and easy to handle in captivity. Since baboons tolerate weather extremes well, they can exist housed in outdoor facilities in most environments. The types of outdoor large group housing used for the SNPRC colony afford easy access to the animals and allow moderately large social groups (upwards to twenty animals) that closely approximate a natural setting.

When a new convenance group is started, the group is immune the first 3 months to acclimate, after which a pregnancy charge per unit of about 80% is expected. Females who do not become reproductive can exist moved into another group with success. Sometimes it helps to motion low-ranking or more submissive females to groups with younger females.

Other factors to monitor are pregnancy retention, live births, and successful mothering. A relatively common phenomenon in harem groups is for a more dominant female to "steal" some other female person'southward infant, in which instance it is difficult, if not incommunicable, for the mother to retrieve her infant. If a female steals another female parent's infant, the practice has been to recall the infant and put the baby back on the female parent. If it happens again and the infant stealer is lactating, she is allowed to keep the infant. Females are kept in breeding, and about 3 pregnancy losses or three infant deaths are allowed before that baboon is removed from breeding. SNPRC go on infants with their mothers for a minimum of 9 months. From do, this seems to promote the best surround for producing offspring that will have normal behavior.

The all-time guide to population management in baboons may be medium-term supply and demand. Evaluation of the demand for animals over a 5- to 10-year span will help to determine the numbers of animals needed at specific ages. Based on this scenario and on knowledge of mortality (life-table assay) and reproduction (eastward.g. animal age at kickoff pregnancy, prime reproductive years, stable convenance group design), an optimal convenance colony size tin can exist identified. Other factors to consider are recovery periods for surgical interventions (e.one thousand. catheter implant for tether studies, fectectomy or caesarean section), sufficient reserve male breeders, and facility renovation plans that may affect breeding space.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/commodity/pii/B978012381365700008X

Study of Nonhuman Primate Social Beliefs

Lawrence E. Williams , Irwin South. Bernstein , in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research (2nd Edition), Volume 1, 2012

Papio

Savannah baboons alive in multi-male/multi-female social groups very dissimilar from the 1-male units described earlier for Papio hamadryas. Savannah baboons comprise several species that live throughout the African savannah region, including P. cynocephalus (yellow baboon), P. ursinus (chacma baboon), P. anubis (olive birdie), and P. papio (western or guinea baboon). Savannah baboons accept been chosen generalized feeders, eating everything from grasses and flowers to insects and pocket-size mammals.

Groups of savannah baboons range from 20 to 100 individuals with a female-to-male ratio skewed toward more females in the group. In almost species, each social group typically moves together as an integrated group and does not regularly split into unlike subgroups. Females, who unremarkably remain in their natal group for their entire lives, grade the stable social core of the grouping and usually accept a fairly stable linear-style dominance bureaucracy (Altmann et al., 1977).

Each of these social groups contains more than one male, and competition for access to estrous females occurs inside the group. Males typically transfer to different groups effectually the historic period of puberty. Although the proximal causes of male transfer are not clearly understood, the firsthand event is that the males within a group are less related to i another than females are to each other. Male–male interactions are generally more than aggressive than affiliative. The greeting response between males is characterized by stereotypical vocalization, facial expressions, ritual mounting, and touches. While competitive factors do influence a male person's admission to females, other factors, such as tenure in the group, alliances, and female choice, also can determine mating partners (Silk et al., 2003; Weingrill et al., 2003). Alternative mating strategies amidst males mean that the correlation between male person dominance rank and paternity is far from perfect.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/pii/B9780123813657000054

Nonhuman Primate Models of Atherosclerosis

Kathryn A. Shelton , ... Jay R. Kaplan , in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Enquiry (Second Edition), Volume 2, 2012

Effects of Sexual practice Hormones and Hypertension

Baboons were the kickoff nonhuman primate in which the effects of estrogen on atherosclerosis were investigated ( McGill et al., 1977). All the same, in contrast to about human and animal data, at that place was no consequence of oral estrogen treatment on atherosclerosis in ovariectomized baboons compared to placebo. In a subsequent study, ovariectomized baboons were treated with estrogen (intramuscular β-estradiol 17-cypionate), progesterone (oral progesterone), estrogen + progesterone, or placebo (Kushwaha et al., 1991). After xviii months of treatment, the estrogen group was the only grouping to have a significant change (decrease) in VLDL-C + LDL-C compared to control. The progesterone group had significantly increased VLDL-C + LDL-C cholesterol and significantly decreased HDL-C compared to the estrogen + progesterone group. The agin changes in lipoprotein profile in the progesterone group were consistent with their finding that at that place was an increase in the prevalence and size of fatty streaks in the carotid arteries and the abdominal aorta compared to both the estrogen and estrogen + progesterone groups. Notably, in that location were no differences among the groups in coronary artery lesions, which were limited to fatty streaks.

Baboons likewise have been used to investigate the event of different types of experimentally induced hypertension on atherosclerosis. McGill et al. fed male baboons an atherogenic nutrition (resulting in mean TPC concentrations of about 200   mg/dl) and compared ii methods of induced hypertension to control animals (McGill et al., 1985). Both methods increased claret pressure by 20–50   mmHg; however, one method was associated with elevated plasma rennin activity (PRA) while the other was not. Afterward 13 months of experimental hypertension, both types of hypertension resulted in approximately twice the extent of fatty streaks in the abdominal aorta, iliac-femoral avenue, brachial artery, and coronary arteries (p <0.05) independent of plasma lipids. Potassium or PRA concentrations were likewise positively associated with the charge per unit of atherogenesis in the carotid arteries beyond the effect of blood pressure level alone.

Read total chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123813664000080

Animal Models in Toxicologic Inquiry: Nonhuman Primate

Jennifer A. Chilton , ... Alys Bradley , in Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Fourth Edition), 2022

ii.4 The Baboon (Papio sp.)

Several species of birdie are commonly utilized in full general enquiry associated with reproductive biology, evolutionary biology, and environmental ( Bauer, 2015; Fleagle, 2013; Jolly, 2001; Rogers et al., 2019). Up to the mid-1960s, use of baboons every bit laboratory subjects was relatively low in the U.s.a., with most successful colonies existing in the Soviet Union (Johnsen et al., 2012). Largely due to National Constitute of Health (NIH) support, captive convenance programs in the United states began to grow in the 1970s. Today the baboon has gained in popularity and reached a loftier level of utility. The genus Papio originates from the plains and savannas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Although hybridization between species under natural atmospheric condition can blur the distinction between them, at that place are currently five species unremarkably recognized including the Guinea baboon (Papio papio), the Olive baboon (Papio anubis), the Xanthous baboon (Papio cynocephalus), the Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus), and the Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas). A sixth species, the Kinda birdie (Papio kindae), is recognized and noted to hybridize with Chacma baboons in Zambia (Jolly et al., 2011). Each of these species has distinguishing features, primarily pilus coat color and trunk size, simply also shares features of the genus including a long sloping hairless cage and medium-short tails. There are sexual dimorphisms among baboons including differences in body size (east.g., males are larger than females), dentition (eastward.yard., males having larger canine teeth), and ischial callosities (e.yard., males having fused ischial callosities below the anus and females having separate ischial callosities) (Fleagle, 2013; Groves and Wolfe-Coote, 2005; Magden et al., 2015).

Female baboons reach puberty at approximately 3–iv years of age, bike continuously throughout the twelvemonth, and are able to reproduce in any flavor. Changes in turgor and colour of the female perineal pare (sexual swelling of the sex skin) signal changes in hormonal levels, onset of the periovulatory period, and reproductive receptivity to the male (Bauer, 2015; Higmam et al., 2009). The female birdie has an approximately 33-24-hour interval estrus cycle. The rising in urinary oxytocin content during the periovulatory menses may initiate or maintain intersexual relationships with the consort males during peak receptivity (Moscovice and Ziegler, 2012). Gestation is approximately 6 months for baboons and the infant is commonly born at night. Female person baboons mostly approach menopause in their late 20s or early 30s, as defined by 6 months without vaginal bleeding or evidence of cycling (Amboseli Birdie Research Projection, https://amboselibaboons.nd.edu).

Male baboons reach puberty at approximately 5–6 years of age, but successful breeders are commonly over 6 years of historic period when they are able to maintain control of the harem (Tardif et al., 2012). In general, baboons may attain an age of over 40 years in captivity. For additional data on the baboon, access The Beast Multifariousness Web (https://animaldiversity.org).

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/pii/B9780128210444000145

Diabetes and Obesity Research using Nonhuman Primates

Janice D. Wagner , ... H. James HarwoodJr., in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research (Second Edition), Volume 2, 2012

Baboons (Papio sp.)

The baboon has been used for many years in studies of CVD at the Southwest National Primate Enquiry Center, and more recently for obesity and diabetes enquiry. An initial written report of T2DM was described by Stokes (1986) with clinical and pathologic signs (e.g., islet amyloidosis) similar to macaques and humans.

The baboon has been characterized as a model to study the genetics of obesity. Many obesity-related phenotypes have been collected in the pedigreed baboon colony (over 2000 animals) at Southwest National Primate Research Center; genotyping efforts are ongoing (Comuzzie et al., 2003).

Trunk weight and other obesity-related phenotypes had substantial variation in this colony. With increasing body weight, increased trunk fat, waist circumference, and leptin concentrations were noted. Body limerick analyses, adamant by bioimpedance, showed that when female baboons reach 20   kg (hateful developed weight 19   kg) and males accomplish 38   kg (hateful adult weight 31   kg) they take 20% torso fat. Cai and coworkers (2004) found that many glycemic and obesity measures (including insulin, glucose, HOMA, C-peptide, adiponectin, and torso weight) were significantly heritable. Additional studies (Tejero et al., 2008) confirmed a genetic contribution to the variation of adiponectin protein levels in claret and the presence of common genes influencing adiponectin levels, triglycerides, and body mass.

Recent studies accept demonstrated that baboons fed a loftier-sugar, loftier-fatty diet proceeds adiposity and develop features of the cardiometabolic syndrome (Higgins et al., 2010), suggesting that they may represent a clinically relevant animal model in which to study the etiology of obesity. In these studies, eight-week exposure to a diet enriched with monosaccharides and saturated fatty acids resulted in a meaning increase in fat mass (assessed past DEXA), plasma triglycerides, HbA1c, and leptin and a meaning decrease in adiponectin concentrations relative to control animals fed a low-fat, low-sugar diet (Higgins et al., 2010).

Read total chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/pii/B9780123813664000146